![]() There are various three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities used to assess the craniofacial structures including mandibular condyles. 2 Accurate assessment of condylar osseous abnormalities is essential in both the diagnosis and development of TMD treatments. 5–7 Condylar pathology such as temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, which is radiographically found in 14% of older adults, leading to morphological changes in condyle can contribute to joint pain and dysfunction. 4 Condylar remodeling can dynamically respond to external stimuli, from which many orthodontic Class II appliances aim to take advantage to encourage an orthopedic effect during adolescence age for a more favorable orthodontic result. Such malocclusion includes Class II malocclusion, which affects almost one-third of the North American population. 3 Abnormal mandibular condylar growth and development may become a significant risk factor for temporomandibular disorder and dysfunction (TMD) 2 and sagittal, traversal and/or vertical malocclusion development. 1,2 The condyle undergoes continuous remodeling process, and it is a significant area influencing the overall mandibular growth. The study of mandibular condyle morphology provides fundamental knowledge to improve our understanding of the craniofacial growth, functional orthopedic treatments utilizing condylar remodeling and growth, and temporomandibular pathology.
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